You have 4 choices Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You have 4 options - Annotated Bibliography Example Numerous individuals are enduring on the grounds that they can't get to clinical treatment to check and keep up the ailment in light of the fact that their character brings strife. Clinical treatment of disease has gotten one-sided since in some case, it has gotten hard to get to clinical treatment because of their skin shading or their financial status. In this bit of writing, the writer has portrayed malignancy in the entirety of its structures. He has likewise referenced that malignancy is a costly sickness and requires to be kept up. With the absence of funds, numerous individuals have been kept separate from treatment since they can't bear to pay for chemotherapy and other related strategies for treatment. In the United States of America, the racial and ethnic gatherings who are minorities are the most probable individuals to bite the dust from the improvement of malignancy since they can't have the option to get to clinical consideration and furthermore in light of the fact that they are of an alternate race. Because of the incongruities in malignant growth treatment and counteraction, numerous individuals are passing on every day as a result of their failure to get to clinical consideration. The greater part of the inconsistencies are brought about by components, for example, low financial class, an individuals’ culture, and the most common is destitution. Nancy E. Adler and Ann E.K. Page, Cancer care for the entire patient : meeting psychosocial wellbeing needs/Committee on Psychosocial Services to Cancer Patients/Families in a Community Setting, Board on Health Care Services, Washington, D.C: National Academic Press, 2008. Money related capacity with regards to the clinical treatment and avoidance of disease is a factor that is considered by, tragically to state, larger part of the offices that offer malignant growth treatment. The motivation behind the article above is to make mindfulness and show individuals that passing judgment on an individual by their money related status makes the entire thought of treatment wrong. For a long time, the individuals who have been viewed as poor have been barred

Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System Free Essays

Contentss Presentation Reason Point Research Question Technique What is incorporating? Multi-modular rider theodolite framework Open movement framework in Vijayawada Para-travel commissariats in Indian setting Typology of para-travel arrangement of the city Pertinence in Vijayawada situation Hugeness of infinites in theodolite framework Travel structure and web Travel conduct in the city Traffic web and clog Disentanglement of course web Urban obliteration and flexibleness of infinites Modular transportations and frequence Pinnacle and off pinnacle timings Factors on transportation rate Network Map Separation Time-Expenditure examination Modular change and outgo An assault to metro rail web Combination of multimodal rider theodolite framework and the capacity of para-travel commissariats Deliberation This paper examinations how the theodolite development in India and exceptionally in the city of Vijayawada can be reclassified with respect to the accessible remodel structures and the para-travel commissariats in the city. The bing urban signifier and web play the existent capacity in the remodel structure which can be either halfway demolition technique or useful strategy. In spite of the fact that most the habits of transport are really in the being in the city, the specialty of fusing them gives the noticeable radiation to the created multi-modular theodolite framework in that impossible to miss city. We will compose a custom exposition test on Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now It really changes the theodolite progress inside the city empowering the introduction to more remote habits of transport and terminuss. The bing waterway modification may affect the annihilation of ghettos which have been significantly established close to the channel. The paper other than investigations on all para-travel habits of travel in the city that how it congratulates and adds to the ‘linking process’ among different habits. It other than directs the advanced improvement of the city in the urban graduated table where traffic clog must be invalidated or limited Cardinal words: Multimodal, para-travel, redesign, travel development, rider, transportations Presentation â€Å"A created state is non where the hapless utilization cars, it’s where the rich use open transit† , Gustavo Petro, the city supervisor of Bogota, Columbia. Transportation framework in India has ne’er been radically changed over the past decennaries because of the unapproved land obtaining and spontaneous movement improvement. Among the various metropoliss, extremely few are arranged though others were raised, assembled and spread-over rapidly, in irregular unending and clasp. It prompted more remote clog of streets, avenues and open infinites without introducing a chance of re-improvement strategy. So the travel, where it didn’t dramatization significant bit in Indian setting was hauled into an adjustment, which offered nil not exactly an insignificant turn of events and couldn’t anticipate the cutting edge India. The major mechanical advancement neglected to come in Indian subcontinent, prompted the intense limitation of customary and accessib le travel. In this manner the theodolite framework was held immature for a very long time, where various habits of travel were presented however once in a while made a commitment to a multi-modular theodolite framework. Indeed, even Indian financial framework was without a doubt debilitated with the new builds of theodolite advancement and pretty much a similar framework beat. The creative metropoliss of India despite everything have significant habits of travel, which could be effectively re-adjusted into a consolidate framework, which guarantees an easiest and adaptable movement inside and around the framework. The H2O, course and the rail theodolite together compose the quickest and simplest transportations, wherein the clasp factor makes the bit of leeway. The cutting edge age other than requests a system or a movement, which makes life quicker and simpler, propelling the stylish sense all in all. The travel has been an ineluctable part of unremarkable life, requesting the pulverization of previous attributes to ensure the great beyond needs and necessities. Numerous metropoliss have begun outlining commissariats for a multi-modular theodolite framework where maintainability and developments are as yet preserved. Transportation framework is an extremely enormous subject on which we make various beds of thought technique to set up the availability and linkage in an appropriate way. The travel development of India is a tiny bit at a time being changed. We can see the adjustment in the finished and moving toward endeavors in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The 20 first century began with the cylinder rail and metro rail framework rather than the rural and different networks. The advancement of rapid Express primary streets other than cleared a way to the city travel be aftering builds. It has other than to be referenced that the multi normal theodolite centers and terminuss have seen into the existent picture of a future city. People groups utilize various habits of transport to make finishs where they utilize an interphase theodolite way for doing it monetary each piece great as quicker. For representation, New Delhi railroad station has a decent course to make out to the Metro station, city coachs, vehicles, jinrikishas and cabs simple with the goal that the clasp hold in happening another way of movement is irrelevant. That is the ground why a significant number of its Metro Stationss are found just over the Highways and Bus terminuss. The interphase of H2O movement and the course transport can be great found in the study of city of Venice in Italy. How sophistically the trite movement relocates to the H2O transport and the other way around could be planned blending to the physiological and land character of the city. Be that as it may, the course move end up being the conclusive part in the theodolite advancement, different habits must be connected to the course theodolite doing it as the essential way of transport. The field type of New York, triangular type of Paris and the Radial or Hexagonal type of New Delhi have their ain points of interest and drawbacks in its theodolite human advancement. What we need to focus is to restore the principles and considerations to work out the employments and usefulness of the theodolite framework in a city. A multi modular theodolite framework other than requests for the freight transportations, which differently affect the theodolite conduct of the city. The coordinations and agreements are engaged with the transportations, which bargain more into the financial and monetary stages rather than the structure and arranging rules. Reason To set up a pre-essential coordinated multi-travel framework, through the merger of various theodolite habits and systemization of para-travel establishments, as the grapple of city travel. To rethink the bing city theodolite networks in a more extensive degree so that boosted rider transportation, limited separation and least travel cut are accomplished. Point †¢To re-build up the urban transport arrangement of the city fabric. †¢To have a re-displayed railroad hallway including the bombardments and Bridgess. †¢To improve of course web as to denounce and conduits. †¢To set up cardinal center for connecting all habits of the theodolite framework. †¢To arrange para-travel establishments connecting all habits of movement. †¢To display a situation on metro/tram advancement in the most remote from this point forward. †¢To prove urban obliteration to keep the flexibleness of the theodolite. †¢To assess existent time sensitive examination of transportations inside the frameworks. RESEARCH QUESTION For what reason do we require a join arrangement of all habits of theodolite alongside para-travel comfortss in a urban multi-travel framework and how might we achieve this to underscore high transportations and least clasp and separation? Degree A ; LIMITATION The paper surveies about the theodolite human progress inside Indian setting where the occurrence study of the web is taken in New Delhi, Chennai and so on. The finished result of the study reason at the city of Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh, which has the scope of its theodolite remodel, stretches out to course, rail and H2O because of the handiness of the railroad hall and waterways of the stream Krishna. Approach The multi-modular theodolite framework needs tonss of writing overview, informations collections and studies which must be amassed, encircled and assessed. We start with the ordinary surveies identified with the open travel, the worries of theodolite situated turn of events, the modular savvy theodolite development in India and abroad and the occupations of broke down theodolite terminuss. Writing STUDY: The different surveies about the theodolite arranged improvements in the United States of America end up being basic in this situation. The more the available it is, the open interphase will be substantially more than we hope to be. The handiness being the significant segment of the theodolite web, the administrations began accepting about the re-improvement of hardly any theodolite Stationss relying on the open interphase. Moreover the handiness, it truly began working out different variables answerable for the transportations and movement. For case, a to the full rail auto can take 200 cars from the course and a rail mentor can take 20 cars from the course. ( Public travel ) . Taking the more extensive picture, through the factual examination in the United States of America, Los Angeles County Metropolitan travel approval has seen a 40 % expansion in ridership on tube since the stipulation of existent clasp data was set up. ( Public Transportation ) It a little bit a t a time encourages the networks to ‘walk more and drive less’ .

Essay Topics Based on One Hundred Years of Solitude

Essay Topics Based on One Hundred Years of SolitudeAn essay titled 'One Hundred Years of Solitude' would be well received by college students who have entered the world of higher education. The essay topic would focus on the life of the author, and also on a broad range of topics such as philosophy, history, art, literature, film, music, and visual arts. While the theme of the essay can be related to any number of subjects, the target audience is usually college students who are seeking more information about their own lives.The idea of writing an essay of this nature, which consists of one hundred years, is quite intriguing. Why is it necessary to go all the way back in time to take a look at a single piece of writing that took place over the course of a hundred years?There are several good reasons for selecting essay topics in this category. Firstly, it is quite challenging to find essay topics that relate to an entire century. Typically, only a short section of each person's life is chosen. Therefore, the author has no choice but to start from where he or she was at that particular point in time.In addition, an essay with the idea of going back one hundred years is much more interesting than an essay that focuses on one topic. It is possible to imagine a lot of essays over the course of several years, but it is much more difficult to manage this kind of project. A single hundred years of solitude essay topics present a clean slate to the writer and allow the writer to develop a good perspective on the subject of the essay.Essay topics that are as broad as the one hundred years of solitude can also be used to learn about a particular artist. This may seem a bit odd, but it is a great way to include an artist or author. This could be an art piece by the artist, or by someone else that is famous enough to have a reputation for creating high quality works of art.Essay topics that focus on the one hundred years of solitude are also very enlightening. In order to maintain a proper perspective and readability, there are some points that the writer should consider. The essay will not only reflect the reader's knowledge about the topic, but it will also make it easier for the writer to express ideas and thoughts that might otherwise be quite difficult to come up with.It is also interesting to look at how scholars have handled essay topics that span a long period of time. Many authors write long pieces with an occasional break in between to let the reader do research. Others prefer to keep their content longer, in order to relay a message.The ultimate goal of essay topics based on one hundred years of solitude is to provide a glimpse into the author's life at the time. This could include the writer's philosophical views, or just general details on the life of a specific writer.

Study On Models Of Term Structure Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1173 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? One of the earliest stochastic models of the term structure was developed by Vasicek (1977). His model is based on the evolution of an unspecified short-term interest rate. Although the model is developed in a fairly general framework, it is most frequently applied in a more specific form that is presented here. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Models Of Term Structure Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The Vasicek model has many advantages, though it also has some shortcomings. The model assumes that the short rate follows the stochastic process dr = a(b-r)dt + sdz Here, dz = a standard process a = coefficient for the formula r = the current level of the interest rate. b= parameter for long run normal interest rate If the interest rate is above the long run mean (r b), then the coefficient a (0) makes the drift become negative so that the rate will be pulled down in the direction of r. Likewise, if the rate is less than the long run mean, r b, then the coefficient a makes the drift become positive so that the rate will be pulled up in the direction of r. The coefficient a is, thus, the speed of adjustment of the interest rate towards its long run normal level. This feature is particularly attractive because without it, interest rates could drift permanently upward the way stock prices do and this is simply not observed in practice. In our century the in terest rate has an important place in all transactions that include simply lending and borrowing. However, its importance has risen with developing and slight stationary economic conditions of the world. The desire to have foresight for the level of future interest rate has become crucial in the sense that to know the lending and borrowing rate and not to miss price the interest rate instruments. As a result, the modeling of interest rate has risen as a problem. As solution to this problem there have been many models proposed. Their common feature is that they all model a stochastic problem, i.e. they deal with uncertainty. The first model in 1973 was proposed by Merton. However, the pioneering one was suggested by Vasicek in 1977 and in the following years many there models that are much more analytically un tractable has come out. These stochastic models are mainly classified with respect to the number of factors which are assumed to have a stochastic evolution in the model. In this study we will use Vasicek short-rate model among some of the most fundamental one factor interest-rate models to predict the yield curve of tomorrow by using todays observed yield data It was introduced by Oldrich Vasicek in the year of 1977. It is a mathematical model that describes the interest rate growth. The Vasicek Model is a type of one-factor model that explains the movements of short time interest rate when it is only driven by the market risk. In Vasicek model wiener process shows the random market risk while the standard deviation shows the volatility of the interest rate. The Vasicek Model is also applied for the interest rate derivative assessment. The theory of Vasicek Model is very well adapted by the credit markets. However the interest rate may not be original future interest rate but the interest rate must be closer to the original rate. If we use correctly the Brownian motion and the volatility related to the market rate than it may give the righ t desired outcomes. However the major problem will occur when there will be a sudden change in market risk. Vasiceks revolutionary work is the earliest account of a bond pricing model that incorporates stochastic interest rate. The short rate dynamics is modeled as a distribution process with constant parameters. When the bond price is based on this assumption, it has the feature that on a given date, the ratio of expected excess return per unit of volatility (the market price of risk) is the same, regardless of bonds maturity. 2.6.1 Pricing Bonds with Vasicek Model Given the term structure of interest rates (fully described in this model by the spot rate) the pricing formula for bonds is straight forward. Bond prices are determined by summing the present value of the coupons and terminal value, discounting at the discount factors P(r, 0, T). Thus, the value of a bond paying coupon c at time 1, 2, . . . , M and having face value of 1 is given by the function: Bond Price[c, r, M]:= Sum [P[r, 0, t] * c, {t, 1, M}] + P[r, 0, M] It is often convenient to consider continuously paid out coupons, in which case the above formula becomes: Bond Price[c, r, M]:= Integrate [P[r, 0, t] * c, {t, 0, M}] + P[r, 0, M] A European option on a bond can also be priced analytically with the Vasicek term structure model. 2.6.2 Advantage and disadvantages of Vasicek model We know that nothing is perfect in the world. Every effective thing has negative effect with their positive elements. The advantages and disadvantage of Vasicek model are as follow: a) Advantages The method is based on reliable mathematical calculation which makes the future forecasted interest rate near to the future original interest rate. Its a short rate model which gives a future interest rate nearly to the same which will happen in future like future spot rate. It also helps in risk hedging. By using the Vasicek model we can forecast the future interest rate and if there is any uncertain risk in interest rate then we can hedge our amount which can be affected by the uncertain risk. The interest rate is calculated for the shorter time period under Vasicek model i.e. the volatility factors almost keep the same as it was taking at the time of interest rate derivation. b) Disadvantages shortcomings of the Vasicek model: Interest rate can become negative. It only happens when people like to hold the cash instead to invest it. Difficult to make the model fit the yield curve exactly. Like if there occur a change between the derived interest rate and the original interest rate then the yield curve of derived interest rate will vary from the original yield curve. And it affects the other estimations based on the model. Constant local volatility is not realistic, but it is easy to generalize with market rate but we know that the volatility changes as the time is passes on. So its not good to generalize the volatility. Numerous generalizations are possible. However the more generalization input will affect the output result. The estimation is always unreliable. If we take rates of two or three parameters as general rates then it may affect our future forecasting rate. It must be different from the original one. Even with the Vasicek model, we need to solv e non-linear equations to construct the tree. So its mean there is more than one variable and sometime its very difficult to calculate the more variables. Increase in variables make chances of error high. More complicated models typically imply that we need to solve even more complicated equations. Because to solve the more variable we need to solve more equations.

Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned - 1136 Words

Animal experimentation is not the most accurate testing, just because some medicine and cosmetic product pass an animal test it doesn’t mean it has a beneficial effect on humans. Animal tests have evolved in many ways throughout history in negative and positive ways. A strong negative being that we are different from animals but not just animals we are also different from each other. There are many arguments that we humans wouldn’t be where we are today if it wasn’t for reliance on animal testing. However, because of all the improvement in technology we have started to lean away from some animal practices. Which is excellent because some of the cruel testing has started to die down, some studies showed that testing isn’t always as†¦show more content†¦The fact that these experiments would have no benefit to humans certainly qualifies them as excessive, therefore abusive. Possibly the ultimate example of the cruelty of animal experimentation metho ds is that of the decompression chamber. This research was abusive because it caused excessive suffering. When the research has already been documented, even unethically, there is absolutely no excuse to repeat it for curiosity’s sake. As the saying goes, two wrongs do not make a right. Different methods of testing cosmetics have been found for example, PETA explained that cosmetic manufactures, â€Å"Now can drop chemicals onto cornea- like 3-D tissue produced from human cells† (PETA). This method is now used to replace the use rabbit eyes for testing. Insufficient regulation about treatment of animals in testing allows for abusive handling. According to Thomas Gale, who formerly worked for Elliot Spindel, a medical researcher in the field of the effects of consumption of nicotine, pregnant monkeys were â€Å"subjected to multiple surgeries to implant nicotine pumps in their backs and their babies are cut out of their wombs to dissect their lungs† (Gale). If that isn’t bad enough, Gale continued by saying that he â€Å"‘witnessed some of the mothers post-surgery with the same signs of clinical depression that women suffer from after going through the emotional tragedy of losing a stillborn baby† (Gale).

The International Business Machines Corporation - 2503 Words

The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology and consulting company. IBM holds a highly diversified product and service portfolio and despite that some of its operations breach into different industries - ranging from global business services to global financing business - its core business lies within the information technology services industry. Within its core business the firm manufactures and markets computer hardware, software and offers infrastructure and consulting services in vast areas such as nanotechnology and cloud computing. The company was founded in 1911 through a merger of three companies and now has its headquarters in Armonk, New York. IBM holds 435,000 employees†¦show more content†¦The newly crafted business model shed commodity business and instead centered around high-margin opportunities, resulting in pervading divestment of low-margin industries. The company regained business initiative by building upon the decision to keep the company whole, IBM unleashed a global services business that rapidly became a leading technology integrator and also invested heavily in software development. (DiCarlo, â€Å"How Lou Gerstner†) On later years IBM have struggled with declining revenues and only met profitability goals by cutting its operational costs. The weak revenue growth has affected the price-levels of the firms stock negatively. To maintain the price of its stock IBM has implemented several large-scale buyback plans reducing the numbers of shares outstanding, a strategy used to boost stock price in the short-term. The number of shares outstanding as of Q1 2015 was 988.42m, which could be contrasted with the 1.675bn shares outstanding as of Q2 2004 to emphasize the extent of the firms’ stock repurchases. As a result, the IBM stock has fluctuated steadily around its current price level of $180 over the last four years. This period was preceded by two years (2009-2011) where the stock price rose heavily from prices around $100, levels which it had fluctuated around since the early 2000’s. This synthetic way of controlling the stock

Live Music vs. Recorded Music Essay Example For Students

Live Music vs. Recorded Music Essay Live Music vs.. Recorded Music As Mark Morris addresses the people at the Midwest Arts Conference in 1998, he explains how deeply he feels about the importance of live performances as opposed to recorded performances. He feels that each time tickets are sold and a performance takes place it is a true miracle. In todays world live performances are separating farther away from society and recorded performances are taking control. This needs to change. Live performances and recorded performances are incomparable and will ultimately affect human beings in very different ways. Live performances provide a special opportunity for the performer and audience, whereas recorded performances will not. Live performances are spontaneous and a spur of the moment experience. This spontaneity creates a more natural performance since mistakes will be made, but the piece will ultimately be greater than the number of mistakes made. Recorded performances are an attempt at creating something perfect without any mistakes, but as humans, that is something we are not capable of doing. Furthermore, recorded performances are unrealistic and are an untrue performance. As a performer performs live, the audience will help create a positive atmosphere for the performance, however recorded performances do not rely on an audience. In live performances there is an exchange of energy that also does not occur in recorded performances. This energy can only occur between a live performer and an audience. Since it is difficult to fully understand the energy taking place while watching or listening to a recorded performance, the viewer/ listener will not have the same experience as an audience member that watched that act same performance live. In addition to the energy, the visual elements oaf live performance will impact the experience. Also the body language has a deep visual impact on the message and the experience of the performance. A performance is not about how the act was performed, but rather how the audience perceives it. Unfortunately, recorded performances are having a large affect on live performances. Currently, people are becoming so used to recorded performances, that performers will try to replicate their recordings during their live performances. In music, many artists have been caught lip-syncing to their own recording in public instead of actually singing. This is a much larger mistake than the small mistakes that might be made during a truthful live performance. Having recently been to several live performances, I can personally attest that viewing a performance live is more affective then watching it on a TV or listening to it on your pod. Each time I go Tao concert the music always sounds different. The singers voice is much more natural, as you hear the heavy breathing in the microphone and the interactions that the reformer has with the audience. This does not occur in recorded music. Although I enjoy listening to music, especially the same music that I Just heard live, the recorded music is impractical. Although there is a Joy to listening or watching a recorded performance at home while sitting in your own comfortable space, viewing a live performance provides an entirely different type of comfort. While sitting in a theater, a space specifically made for performances, one will experience a series of programs By emanated home will force the viewer to become a lazy viewer, because they can sample, skip round, and even turn it off. The experience is different at a live performance; you are not sampling, but rather you taste the entire performance. As Mark Morris explains the importance of live performances and his experience at church in Seattle, he discusses the utterly private experience and the music that we all shared in the air. These words are the essence of a live performance. One will not feel this connection when viewing or listening to a recorded performance. Live performances have always and will continue to blow the mind of their audience.

Assisted Suicide free essay sample

Physician-assisted self-destruction is the proviso by a physician, consciously and lawfully, to a patient who has aptly requested it, of the agencies for that patient to stop his or her ain life ( McCuen 10 ) . Large sums of deadly drugs such as barbiturates and C monoxide, are inhaled to painlessly do decease. Normally a doctor, household member, or a friend fulfills person s petition for aid in deceasing. Normally it involves a terminally sick patient who wishes to decease but is non capable of suicide. He may necessitate a physician to give a deadly injection or prescription or a household member to assist him set up another agency of self-destruction. In the instance of assisted self-destruction, the patient, while having aid, entirely performs the concluding, death-inducing act ( Wekesser 12 ) . Physician-assisted self-destruction is ethical and should be legalized.There are three types of aid-in-dying, the first being active mercy killing, which involves painlessly seting one to decease for merciful grounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Assisted Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A physician gives a deadly dosage of medicine to the patient. Passive mercy killing involves non making something to forestall decease, when a physician does non utilize an unreal inhalator for a terminally sick individual to remain alive ( Encarta 1 ) . Involuntary mercy killing, a individual asks to decease ( by either active or inactive mercy killing ) . Nonvonuntary mercy killing refers to stoping the life of a individual who is non mentally competent to do an informed petition to decease, such as a comatose patient ( Encarta 1 ) . Euthanasia and assisted self-destruction are different, because in aided suicide the patient brings it upon himself or herself and really causes his or her decease with the aid of another individual normally a doctor.Like other civil rights, this controversial issue did non come about all of a sudden. Throughout history mercy killing has been accepted in some signifiers by assorted groups or societies ( Encarta 1 ) . Helping others in deceasing or seting them to decease was common in some state of affairss, in ancient Rome and Greece. If a kid was born with major birth defects it was ethical to set it to decease. Besides in some societies voluntary mercy killing for the aged was a usage. However, as Christianity developed and grew powerful in the West, mercy killing became morally and ethically detestable and was viewed as a misdemeanor of God s gift of life ( Encarta 1 ) . Passive mercy killing is permitted in some subdivisions of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. In many states there are limitations on mercy killing, and it has non rather been adopted yet.The United States and Canada have strict Torahs sing active and inactive mercy killing. At the petition of a patient to stop vital intervention, it is legal for the physician to make so. Now that there is advanced engineering, legal rights have expanded small by small. On June 26, 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that provinces may go on to censor the pattern of doctor assisted self-destruction ( Humphry 295 ) . About half the provinces of America have a specific jurisprudence prohibiting aid in self-destruction, and the other half could prosecute under general homicide positions. The jurisprudence must alter, so that any patient, in audience with household, friends and confer withing physicians, may voluntarily take to stop his or her life easy when there is no reasonable hope for anything but ceaseless wretchedness.In France, mercy killing is treated as homicide. However, some Gallic physicians specialize in assisting the patient to decease, the double-effect process that aims at easing enduring but does non intentionally do decease ( Bloyd 111 ) . In Great Britain, mercy killing and assisted self-destruction are treated as a homicide, besides. The Netherlands has legalized voluntary mercy killing. Most instances are assisted self-destructions performed by the patient s private doctor, who must confer with with another doctor before the act ( Bloyd 112 ) . The Netherlands is fundamentally the lone state in which assisted self-destruction has been legalized.Physician-assisted self-destruction is ethical. A legitimate, universally valid codification of medical moralss no longer exists: What has traditionally base on ballss for moralss among physicians is a obscure organic structure of unwritten regulations of vague beginning that slackly prescribes professional etiquette among themselves and for their relationship with patients ( Wekesser 49 ) .The Hippocratic Oath is a theoretical account for the ethical, natural pattern of medical specialty. Doctors need this to be sworn in as an official physician, this sacred curse was on occasion mentioned in medical schools and seldom studied by the bulk of physicians. Some neer officially took the curse or even administered it. This alone makes suspect the faithful curse s importance or connexion to modern medical pattern. Human self-respect ennobles free reign to the ability of adult male to believe things over, to make up ones mind, and to use self-control, to go his ain maestro. It is the sense of worth that comes with holding the freedom and duty to do judgements about what is proper and improper ( Wekesser 50 ) . The people who want their agony ended normally enjoy life, love life, and their feeling for life is a strong as anyone s, but the hurting is excessively great to digest. Besides, for many people, merely cognizing how they are traveling to be killed is in itself great comfort and frequently extends lives. Once a individual knows how to do his or her issue and has the agencies, he or she will frequently renegociate the conditions of deceasing ( Wekesser 20 ) . Thousands of deceasing patients in America would be comforted to cognize that, if and when their agony becomes unbearable, a human optio n is available to them. Many believe that it is inevitable, that such an agreement will come. There are merely excessively many patients who do non wish to pine away in such hopeless state of affairss and will take the steps to prevent such pointless agony, non to advert the many doctors who believe that the current degree of agony is barbarian ( Wekesser 20 ) . Helping another dice in carefully sing fortunes is portion of god medical specialty and besides demonstrates a lovingness society that offers euthanasia to hopelessly ill people. The 1 who is enduring should hold the right to state when the hurting has become an intolerable adversity but if he is unable to make up ones mind, so closest friend or household member should make up ones mind.Diing Canis familiariss, cats and other animate beings are put to kip out of compassion, human existences should be shown the same consideration. It seems that worlds should be put to kip merely as sick Canis familiariss and cats, but that is non the manner society is. Worlds should be treated better than animate beings but if a individual wants their life terminated so they should hold that pick. The proposition is that people are being treated the same manner as animate beings. The euthanasia criterion assumes an equivalency between the moral value of the life of an animate being and that of a human being. Animals such as Canis familiariss are abandoned or unwanted, and they are killed more frequently for that alternatively of being ill or injured. An illustration is that, when a Equus caballus has a broken leg, it is legal to be changeable, but to state that a likewise injured individual could be killed to set him or her out of wretchedness would neer be accepted. Animals are killed for nutrient, athletics, intents of population control, or, at times out of compassion. Most favored lovers who have put a loved sick or injured pet to kip hold done so because they did non desire their beloved friend to endure. Many have besides chosen mercy killing for their animate being because they did non desire to pass the clip, attempt and money to supply their sick pet with healing int ervention, hurting control, and or palliation that would materially cut down their agony without killing them ( Smith 209 ) . For worlds though, this is non the instance ; people should make all they can to maintain person alive but when the hurting is intolerable, decease is sometimes the best manner out.There is non difference between pick in abortion and pick in mercy killing. By abortion being a pick, mercy killing additions the same public credence that they perceive presently exists for the right of a adult female to end her gestation. Choice is pick, accepting a moral equivalency between abortion and being personally killed by a physician. In both fortunes, there is a life being taken. Assisted self-destruction has largely the same commissariats ; it should besides be a pick.This issue and the adult male who has pioneered and personalized it, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, is truly all about freedom. This is non all about the right to decease, since decease comes to everyone. It is about denying that the province has any right to oblige guiltless, competent grownups to needlessly endure ( Wekesser 91 ) . The province of free society prevents a doctor from utilizing his or her preparation and expertness to measure each patient and where medically appropriate ease the patient free because his or her life has turned to intolerable hurting and torment. If a individual is non able to lend to society and is non in intolerable hurting, they have the right to populate. Assisted suicide affects people who can non bear to populate in the status that they are in.It is non a offense in America to watch person kill himself and make nil to halt it, or killing enemy soldiers in war. These facts province that killing a individual is non ever and needfully regarded as incorrect, it merely depends on the fortunes. Therefore, a individual can give the deceasing patient the perfectly indispensable gift of being present at the deathbed, because cipher should hold to decease entirely, and the presence of a lovingness friend reduces the opportunity of the ego rescue being botched ( Clement 16 ) .There is much to be done in the kingdom of civil autonomies. When a method of self-deliverance is available to the hopelessly ailment who wish it, the method is guaranteed to be painless and certain. When 1 has the confidence that privateness will be purely respected, and when 1 has been guaranteed that friends and household whose presence and aid are desired will non be implicated as felons. A step of independency and control is gained in lives.Assisted self-destruction is ethical and should be legalized, because advocates emphasize fortunes in which a status has become overpo weringly onerous for a patient. Pain direction for the patient is unequal, and merely a physician seems capable of conveying alleviation. Society should admit the rights of patients and to esteem the determinations of those who elect mercy killing ( Encarta 3 ) .The function of the doctor is to make what is best for the patient, and in some utmost state of affairss this may include rushing decease upon the voluntary petition of deceasing. When desirable life has been exhaustively exhausted and every attempt has been made to forestall the inevitable, aided self-destruction should be made lawfully possible for the merciful, to demo clemency to the deceasing who request intercession to stop their agony. Doctors may protest that they are perpetrating to continue and heighten life, non to stop it intentionally. If the function of the doctor is defined entirely in footings if healing, so of class, this excludes helping person to decease ( Smith 45 ) . This is the incorrect manner to travel about specifying the range and bounds of the physician s proper map. In some utmost fortunes, the best service a doctor can render may be to assist a individual hasten decease in order to alleviate unbearable, unneeded agony that makes life intolerable, as judged by the patient. This would be an expansion of the physician s function, non a contradiction of it. Assisted Suicide free essay sample A discussion on the legal and ethical issues of assisted suicide. This paper examines the issues involved in assisted suicide.The writer describes the difference between physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. The writer explains that physician-assisted suicide is carried out with the consent of a competent and terminally ill patient. Euthanasia, on the other hand, is basically mercy killing. The writer discusses personal opinions and views concerning the die with dignity issues. When we think of assisted suicide, most of us immediately think of Dr. Jack Kevokian, the retired pathologist who was sentenced to two terms of imprisonment in 1999 for helping a man suffering from a terminal disease to die (Humphrey 2002). Assisted suicide is a very passionate issue of debate in this country. There are numerous ethical and moral considerations aside from the legal aspects of the practice. The topic is as controversial as abortion and capital punishment. Most everyone has a deep-rooted belief one way or the other, they are either for or against, few ride the middle ground. We will write a custom essay sample on Assisted Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been my observation that those in favor of pro-life are more likely to favor capital punishment and oppose assisted suicide, and those in favor of abortion and assisted suicide are more likely to oppose the death penalty. It is indeed a passionate issue and will continue to be debated for years to come.

Investigative Report on the Operation Functions of Mouchel Group PLC The WritePass Journal

Investigative Report on the Operation Functions of Mouchel Group PLC 1.0 Introduction and Methodology Investigative Report on the Operation Functions of Mouchel Group PLC 1.0 Introduction and Methodology2.0 Company Overview2.1 Company History and Events Leading to the Current Changes2.1.1 Early History and the Influence of the Private Sector.2.1.2 Recent Mergers2.2 Current Operational Landscape3.0 Management Restructuring3.1 Change in Company Structure3.1.1 Cost Savings and Efficiency3.1.2 The Role of Engineers within the New Structure3.1.3 Replacing Staff through Innovation3.2 Impact on Projects3.2.1 Relationships between the Company and Client3.2.2 Communication and Project Control4.0 Sustainability4.1 Company Strategy4.1.1 Divisions and Technological Strategy4.1.2 Retention of Staff4.2 Project Management4.2.1 Client Relationships  4.2.2 Project Hierarchy and Line Management4.3 Long Term Projection4.3.1 Defining Principles and Mission Statement4.3.2 Rebranding of the Company4.4 Supply Chain Management4.4.1 Core facilities and Wider Network4.4.2 Network Monitoring and Quality Control4.4.3 Issues Associated with the Network5.0 Conclusions5.1 Impact of Current Restructuring5.2 Final Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesRelated 1.0 Introduction and Methodology The key aim for this report is to develop an understanding of the context within which Mouchel operates; to realise an examination of the operational functions used within the company and ultimately how this is affected by the current management restructuring. Focusing on the construction sector within the UK, an overview of strategy and the influence of the current changes will be objectively compared to theoretical models to analyse the risks the company and perceptibly the engineers may face in the future. The selection of data has come primarily from the company itself through annual reports, although other sources such as journals and articles have been utilised to offer theoretical models and analysis to further the investigation. 2.0 Company Overview As an international consultancy based organisation, Mouchel operates substantially in the construction and development sector, and consequently has had to meet the concept of sustainability; both with relation to the external projects it completes and the internal company environment. This has resulted in many operational changes and mirroring the growing trend towards a ‘service economy’(15) in the UK, has established in contribution to its core product(14), a greater service output. The majority of the core projects the company undertakes are considered high variety, low volume; however it can be argued that through the segregation by divisions within the company, projects have a lesser variety component. 2.1 Company History and Events Leading to the Current Changes 2.1.1 Early History and the Influence of the Private Sector. Founded in 1897, Mouchel has been predominately concerned with delivering engineering projects. However the increasing current involvement of the private sector in UK projects, shown by the introduction of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) in the 1990’s, has required Mouchel to develop an advisory role(1), in order to compete in the many government sectors which are affected by the use of this procurement method. The initial work with local government is the first point where delivering a service rather than simply an engineering product is most clearly seen. The market within which construction projects are moving from the public sector to the apparently more stable private sector(10) is now at risk of saturation(6). Therefore Mouchel has to militate against the risk of other competition entering the market. The difficulty stems from the ability to maintain company growth rather than simply surviving(6) in the current climate and this is achieved through focusing on core services. A substantial market share(2) in highways and water has enabled the company to maintain a strong position that will ensure progression. 2.1.2 Recent Mergers The merger with Parkman Group plc in 2003(2) combined the expertise from similar consultancies to maximise presence within the government sector. The merger resulted in many acquisitions which diversified the company’s range of services and promoted the necessary organisational growth; thus increasing staffing levels considerably. More recently the acquisition of HBS in 2007(5) further reinforced the outsourcing division and combined with rebranding, demonstrated that Mouchel were keen to reinstate a transition into the business sector of construction. 2.2 Current Operational Landscape As Mouchel has faced the recession and there has been an apparent suspension of investment in construction projects, service divisions such as outsourcing, have overtaken as a key priority; altering the strategy of the company overall and inherently transcending the operations management. The integration of manufacturing and providing services within the company brings further implications; the implied concept of service output being superior to the production of projects(15), presents difficulties when considering processes in the company. On a global scale the legal and cultural differences also need to be ascertained in order for coherent communication of information; this is most widely seen in the current management restructuring taking place. 3.0 Management Restructuring 3.1 Change in Company Structure 3.1.1 Cost Savings and Efficiency As a result of the change in market and type of projects being undertaken, Mouchel is currently carrying out a large scale restructuring exercise(3) with the aim of reducing base costs and maximising the structural organisation of the company to ensure efficiency. This has been achieved by substantially reducing the senior management tier by 20%(3). This combined with the significant investment in new systems, emphasising the importance of technology in engineering firms, has demonstrated the dedication to providing the same standard of services but using less resources. Here the role of innovation in the transformation stage(14) is evoked and is vital to the validity of this linear model to produce the same level of output. It is estimated that the restructuring will provide a yearly cost saving of  £25 million and this may be indicative of the ‘gap based’ approach(6) to process management, where what is required by the company has been measured against current achievement and consequently modification of the infrastructure, in terms of staff, has been used in order to achieve it. 3.1.2 The Role of Engineers within the New Structure Here efficiency has driven the restructuring through the analysis of job roles and the contribution they add to the company. This evokes the idea of expertise and value added management(6) as a break to more traditional management techniques, where structural hierarchy(15) was emphasised. The functions previously completed by the senior management tier now have to be transferred to engineers, distorting the priorities of staff. With some management roles being made redundant, other grades of management have been ‘rationalised’(9) so that they possess greater responsibility. This questions the range of skills required by the management team and if the way in which future projects will be managed will maintain the same level of organisation or if areas less obviously associated with service will be neglected. 3.1.3 Replacing Staff through Innovation Innovation is of high priority in order to achieve efficiency targets set by the company(14) and clients and is key in increasing productivity of workers(15).The recent hard shoulder project on the M6(2) shows the use of a more service based solution, where more traditional construction techniques would have been previously used. This conveys the difficulty to consider empirically the operations of this division as a process where innovation is utilised; the concept at its base level is to move away from standard techniques(14), undermining the traditional nature of processes. 3.2 Impact on Projects 3.2.1 Relationships between the Company and Client The widening of skill sets required by the restructuring emphasises the development of interpersonal skills(9) as a key priority as the engineers will have a greater customer facing role. These implications will require further development of human resources and a change to the recruitment process within the company. However considering Garvin’s perception(9) of the types of processes in a company, it appears the more administrative processes have been most reduced, which while they are not customer facing, do have a vital function and suggests that possible control throughout the company may suffer as a result. This also widens the gap between product and service as effectively the ‘boundary spanning function’(14) has been removed. Network theory(13) can then also be applied to the restructuring to consider the dialectic relationships within the company. By altering the people and processes involved in the management of projects many more risks beyond that of efficiency are applied. The restructuring tends to horizontal organisation(14) where expertise is more highly valued than the chain of command. 3.2.2 Communication and Project Control The radical redesign of the management structure within the company defies many of the theoretical perceptions of process control(8). Rather than improving the existing process, they have implemented a new one in which there is no existing benchmark(6), and therefore no empirical measure of its success in the short term. This is further complicated with the contribution of innovation and the attempt to consider the success of restructuring through cost effectiveness(3). This contradicts the move to a sustainable company, as the idea of risk is evident and while restructuring may prove successful there is an increased chance of failure that in an incremental quality movement approachcould have been managed more easily. 4.0 Sustainability 4.1 Company Strategy Mouchel claims three core areas for consideration of sustainability(3) ,making many commitments within these areas, most falling into the PESTLE model(Fig 1) of thinking, and substantially addressed by the social, environmental and economic parameters with an appreciation of the political and legal limits. The pressure to evolve to a sustainable company is the most challenging and the effect the management restructuring will have on this goal requires consideration of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy(3). 4.1.1 Divisions and Technological Strategy The more traditional technical engineering divisions are contrasted with the development of strategy services and have shown a move towards commercial commitment. These new macro transformation operations have shaped the company but also developed many new issues. The definition of output as a product or service(15), is clearly seen in the regulated industry division where the decline of operations in the Middle East, has resulted in the company providing energy assessments to commercial utility suppliers(1) in the UK in order to maintain a profit. A previously technical role has been transformed to a more service based product and emphasises clearly the resource risks. The resource now being transformed is not obtusely materials but information(14), especially with the increased use of technology requires a different strategic process. The use of technology(6) is an important structural decision that compliments restructuring, although there is little consideration of the effect thi s will have on the key engineering roles. 4.1.2 Retention of Staff Retention of staff is of paramount importance to the company’s sustainability demonstrated through the rigorous personal development process and its commitment to the ‘never stop improving’(3) scheme. However the recent restructuring that has occurred has instilled perceived disharmony(5) with the more experienced employees and has been seen as a main priority to address within the coming year. However, what is seen as hollowing out(2) of management functions is intended to provide greater opportunity for mobility and communication. This promotes the ability to progress a career within the company, hopefully developing in the long term a more committed work force. 4.2 Project Management 4.2.1 Client Relationships Across all divisions there has been a need to extend boundaries in order to maintain productivity within the company; often to a more commercial client base as previously shown. The company has always relied on long term relationships(4).This has been challenged by the restructuring to focus on retaining relationships as well as acquiring new clients as the infrastructure of the company changes. The high bid win rate previously established by Mouchel(2), promoted a successful reputation for superiority, in part synonymous with its structure and organisation, which provided strength when competing for new tenders. This same reputation informs the current strategy to extend its services into other sectors, where the same principles can be applied but modified to different client bases; although the impact of restructuring on this reputation has not yet been realised.   4.2.2 Project Hierarchy and Line Management Considering the management of clients in the perceived use of long term relationships, the larger clients are assigned account managers(2) to ensure satisfaction with the company. This adds another layer to Naylor’s perception of the typical managerial structure(15) and develops a rather more web like arrangement, where the project and account management overlaps. In this case it is difficult to determine accountability and responsibility, and may lead to difficulty with communication within the different facets of the project delivery. Project success is largely measured through the use of financial KPI’s(2) and the use of remuneration of less easily quantifiable targets conveys a distortion of true value. The role of engineers in this web may also get lost and the communication between the different divisions of the company is vital in ensuring information is not lost or misinterpreted. 4.3 Long Term Projection 4.3.1 Defining Principles and Mission Statement Considering how the strategy of the company is portrayed through the defining principles expressed by the mission statement, the culture and intentions of the company can be determined,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At Mouchel we improve day-to-day life for millions of people. We help to transform essential public services and to sustain vital infrastructure†¦(2) This is the primary function stated by the company and conveys a sense of top down strategy(14) which, as an apathetic mission statement, is aspirational without committing entirely to the processes that will be used to achieve this. The construction sector is strongly evoked and the influence of sustainable design can be clearly seen, however the main issue raised by this statement is the association with public services. The private sector’s influence on government projects will have a continual affect on the ability to meet this goal, and defines the need for change within the company. The principles also address the working ethos of the company;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At Mouchel, above all else, we show a passion for success, a spirit of adventure, and have integrity at heart.(2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Again it can be argued that the statement is vague, however it clearly depicts the operations management style of the company. However when compared to Kast and Rosenzweig’s(11) concept of the external business environment, it can be interpreted that the lack of definition of goals(Fig 2) demonstrates that the transitory nature of the company conveys uncertainty as to its future output. This may also suggest that there are overlooked uncertainties within the company’s key processes. 4.3.2 Rebranding of the Company The recent rebranding as Mouchel is consistent with restructuring, although conveys the reputation of the company as one of the empirical risks associated with change(8). As part of the support strategy the stakeholder map and categorisation matrix(Fig 3) must be established early(15) to ensure they can be well managed; especially those considered adverse to the proposed changes while maintaining high influence within the company. This is achieved by focusing on communication between all divisions and levels, especially externally with stakeholders and clients. 4.4 Supply Chain Management 4.4.1 Core facilities and Wider Network Mouchel aims to maintain core facilities within the company(2), looking to forward integrate projects(14), so that they evolve through restructuring to a customer facing organisation. However to reduce the possibility of a ‘closed system mentality’(12) Mouchel recognises the benefits for both themselves and the clients through the use of supply chains to maximise projects. Although suppliers remain outside the ‘boundary of control’(10) the ability to select contractors based on competitive factors(2), ensures relative reliability without commitment for Mouchel, and shows a   flexible network(7). However through this demand based process(14) the loyalty of the supplier is not obtained and therefore limits the dependability of the relationship between the company and supplier. 4.4.2 Network Monitoring and Quality Control There are more than 1000 first tier suppliers and contractors(2) in the external supply network as well as those inherited through joint venture projects, which is managed through the use of an approved vendor database(2). This establishes the most qualified supplier for each subcontract, and it can therefore be assumed that quality of the service they provide is high; the competition between contractors has been further driven by the sustainability focus of the company with the introduction of sustainability criteria to the assessment(2). 4.4.3 Issues Associated with the Network The holism(10) of this kind of network is substantially determined by the way in which the parts of the chain interact.   Considering the long term projection of the supply chain as a function of success, it substantiates an approach opposed to the paradigm of silo thinking(10), where all parts of the network are linked together. However this is contradicted by the way in which the divisions of the company are relatively isolated, which stereotypically occurs substantially in the construction sector. By redesigning the structure of the company it creates greater capacity of the in house processes to consider the scope and the wider achievements of the project, through improved communication. 5.0 Conclusions 5.1 Impact of Current Restructuring As the salient cause of change within the company, the restructuring has implemented many new processes and technologies that have been put into place in order to develop a company which will survive the recession and growing pressures of CSR, however there is little evidence of consideration of all the long term effects that may arise as a result. While change may be unavoidable, the structure which personifies the company has been radically altered, and may cause issues associated with reputation and consistency, as well as internal aspects associated with its own workforce. While the company appears to be financially viable for the future, the softer side of the analysis has been neglected and may cause a dichotomy between strategy and implementation. Furthermore, it is clear that long term relationships are the epitome of the company, which develops the importance of account management and adds another conflicting dimension to the company’s operations. In order to meet the expectations of the client, communication and feedback is essential and with the increasing service output of the company it is important to predict the impact that the restructuring will have on these relationships. It is also vital to consider the apparent mobility of the company structure and if it will manifest a culture of innovation, which is clearly required in order for the company to maintain growth, or a sense of instability that will damage the bond of these long term relationships. Looking at the future of the company, Hayes and Wheelwrights stages of operations appears to suggest Mouchel is in the transition stages of 3 and 4(14). The increasing impact operations management has within the company is driving the success of projects, however it remains to be seen if the company is redefining the industries expectations(14) or just that of its customers. The transition between service and product delivery is not clearly defined, and it is questionable as to the consideration of the contributions of operations management over this change. 5.2 Final Conclusions and Recommendations Therefore Mouchel can be seen as an aspirational, innovative company, challenging the perceptions of the traditional construction sector consultancy; opting for diversification and control through in house processes to advance the progression of the company. However it remains to be seen if the instigating factors for change and the recent required optimisation of operational strategy, have evoked the necessary consideration of all aspects of the company that will be transformed. A holistic and rather human analysis would suggest that the difficult nature of relationships cannot always be predicted though theoretical models or forecasting in the long term. For Mouchel the different stratum they inhabit centre on relationships, both externally with clients and internal with staff and suppliers, and is therefore uncertain. It will be interesting to see how this will develop and to assess the future role of engineers within this new arrangement, due to the new dexterity that will be req uired of them. Expanding this to the construction sector as a whole, it is possible that the restructuring of consultancies in this way, may alter the core perspectives of the commercial industry and conceivably the fundamentals of engineering. References (1) Interim management statement, Mouchel group plc (2010) (2) Annual report and accounts, Mouchel group plc (2010) (3) Sustainability report, Mouchel group plc (2010) (4) Reports and accounts ‘building great relationships’ Mouchel Parkman plc (2007) (5) ‘Mprint’ in house publication (2007) (6) Schmenner.R.W Swink.M.L, ‘on theory in operations management’ Indiana University (1998) (7) Cravens.D.W Piercy.N.F Shipp.S.H, ‘New organisational forms for competing in highly dynamic environments: the network paradigm’ British Journal of Management (1996) (8) Bateman.T.S Zeithaml.C.P, ‘Management: function and strategy’ Irwin (1990) (9) Garvin.D.A ‘The processes of organization and management’ Sloan management review (1998) (10) Prokesch.S, ‘The sustainable supply chain’ Harvard business review (2010) (11) Kast.F.E Rosenzweig.J.E ‘general systems theory: applications for organisation and management’ academy of management journal (1972) (12) Thompson.J.D, ‘organizations in action’ McGraw hill, New York (1967) (13) Mitleton-Kelly.E, ‘complex systems and evolutionary perspectives on organisations’ emerald group (2003) (14) Slack.N Chambers.S Johnston.R, ‘operations management’ Pearson education 4thed (2004) (15) Naylor.J, ‘Introduction to operations management’ Pearson education 2nded (2002)

Sexual promiscuity of female adolescents Research Paper

Sexual promiscuity of female adolescents - Research Paper Example Generally women who indulge in promiscuous sexual relationship are tagged as sluts and are degraded in decent societies. However in African American women, the tendency to involve in casual sex is higher as they have less education about healthy sexual practice and safe sex. From the traditional point, promiscuous sex was regarded as an evil and the women of such character were regarded as fallen woman. Now the structure of the society and view of sex in society has changed drastically. People take sex more causally and get involved in relationship without any moral and ethical basis. The sexual promiscuity in female adolescents is a delicate issue as the casual sex behavior of females is depended on many factors. These factors are the social situation of the female, their educational qualification, living standard and sexual instincts. Moreover, this casual sex behavior is also provoked by substance usage and alcohol consumption. It is a known fact that drugs and alcohol mostly induce the tendency to have sex among female and male equally well. It is not an easy task to eradicate this social evil of sexual promiscuity in African Female adults. The root cause of this behavior is not educating these females in the right direction. Many a times, teenage African American girls do not understand the negative consequences of sex before attaining maturity. With the wrong family background and the lack of education, these African females and males involve in sex and become victims of mental and physical disorder in the future. It is mostly the sexual promiscuity of female African women and male which leads to the rising of STDs and HIV at early stages of their life. Moreover, it is also common to find that sexually promiscuous female adolescents are caught up with depression and other emotional disorders at early stages of their life. For instance, the sexually promiscuous adolescents are those girls who led a care free sexual life during

Delusional Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Delusional - Essay Example They have done series of tests in laboratories and published reports about their findings. They have also been done in the field of medicine. Under the field of medicine, psychiatry lies there wherein reports, experiments and thorough studies are conducted to help patients with mental disabilities and illnesses. Usually the ones used to help patients with undesirable mental conditions rely on chemical drugs to ease the pain or correct certain imbalances in their brains. Chemicals are used to alter their behavior especially when the patients are behaving outside the norms like being in a catatonic state. The use of drugs like for depressed people may have side effects. Side effects may affect the patients negatively. Drugs may cure the patients and help with their mental conditions but other illnesses may arise because of side effects. Other organs may possibly be negatively affected as the drugs may serve as toxins to those organs like heart, liver, kidney and stomach. The use of dru gs on health mental patients have been the subject of the book made by Robert Whitaker. Robert Whitaker is a renowned writer in the field of science especially with the medical field. He even became an editor for the publications of the medical school of Harvard. He published other books prior to the one where talked about delusions. He had been an award-winning author and writer and a controversial one. His book entitled Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America is a controversial book by Robert Whitaker where he tackled delusion as the cause of the mental illness growth in USA. Various issues can be connected to delusion and the growing rate of mental illness patients and all of them would be discussed on the paper. Delusion has been defined many times by many sources from textbooks to dictionaries as the term pertains to the false belief or state of resistance to the reality as the person does not accept logica l explanations. It can be used in various contexts but it is commonly linked with psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorders. The aforementioned psychiatric conditions are illnesses which the medical field has combated through the years using techniques and formulations created based on years of studies via experimentations. Scientists, doctors and psychiatrists in particular have relied upon those observations and analyses recorded via published scientific reports and journals to verify the efficacies of the methods to cure the psychiatric conditions. Whitaker had debated about those methods especially with the use of chemical drugs. Chemical drugs are formulated in laboratories and manufactured in bulk by licensed pharmaceutical companies as those are dangerous if no regulations are made. Those manufacturers have the right to create those products based on the formulations recommended by the experts who studied particular cases. Despite of their re ported efficacies, they pose hazards or risks to the patients. They have side-effects that can advertently affect other parts of the body. Patients may suffer other diseases or weakened immunity or particular organs may become damaged because of those synthetic substances being taken in for their psychiatric conditions. Whitaker has been concerned with the growing mentality of people about drugs and how those can cure the conditions of psychiatric patients considered to

Personal Application Assignment Essay Example for Free

Personal Application Assignment Essay A variety of texts and articles over the past few years have argued for the use of an alternative approach to teaching organizational behavior, one that emphasizes experiential learning. This approach emphasizes an existential, emergent view for learning organizational behavior (McMullen, 1979), where the role of the instructor is that of learning facilitator, responsible for designing experiences for students to base learning upon, rather than as teacher, responsible for lecturing on theory and concepts. While gaining wide acceptance, this approach has nevertheless created problems in the assessment of students performance. Significant learnings in this model of teaching occur not only from the development of concepts, but also from the experiences themselves. McMullen (as well as others) has proposed the use of a personal application assignment to help solve the problem of performance assessment. This assignment is based upon the experiential learning model formulated by Kolb (1971). This model is discussed in more detail in the text chapter on learning styles. Kolbs model argues that learning occurs through a process which might begin with a concrete experience, which leads to reflective observation about the experience. Abstract conceptualization follows in which models, paradigms, strategies, and metaphors are applied to the results of the experience. Active experimentation concludes the cycle as the concepts are then put into practice, thus generating new concrete experience. Figure 1 shows the model more clearly. In one sense, persons able to learn using all four modes of the model will be better able to take away learning from the variety of contexts in which they interact. We feel that the Personal Application Assignment is a useful tool for both evaluation of a students work in courses taught using an experiential approach; and further, that the Personal Application Assignment can serve as a way to help students learn to learn. The PAA is both an evaluation and a teaching technique. Our past history of teaching using this method has shown that the PAA, in order to be most useful, must include clear guidelines for the student. To that end we have undertaken to set forth the guidelines below to help students to understand the requirements for effective PAAs. Guidelines on Grading, Topic Selection, and Confidentiality First of all, we believe that a 20-point grading system simplifies understanding how each component of the paper is graded and weighted. There are five elements to the paper and each normally is weighted equally. These include the four elements in the learning style model and a fifth element that takes into account the introduction, integration, synthesis and general quality of writing in the PAA. The score given in each element depends upon how effectively the student has met all the criteria listed for that section of the paper. For the instructors part, we believe that instructors need to provide specific feedback as quickly as possible to students on why they were awarded points in each area and, more importantly, what they need to do to improve. To achieve these objectives the same summary sheet that guides the grading is provided to the student as feedback. This sheet is attached at the end of this handout. The above paragraph referred to the weighting as â€Å"normally† being equal for all parts of the paper. In cases where the quality of the student writing is clearly below acceptable standards for college- level courses, this component or the entire paper may be given a significantly lower grade. (Preparing a good quality initial draft to be reviewed by a peer will help eliminate this potential problem. An initial draft is not the same as a first draft or rough draft. It should be a version the student has already revised one or more times. Students should be responsible for seeking out help with their writing skills if necessary. Choosing a good topic is essential. Select an experience that relates to the assigned course topics. It should be an experience that you would like to understand better, (e.g., there was something about it that you do not totally understand, that intrigues you, that made you realize that you lacked certain managerial skills, or that was problematical or significant for you.) When students are excited about learning more about the incident, their papers are lively and interesting. The topic must be meaty enough to take it through the entire learning cycle. The incident does not have to be work related; an incident in any setting (sports, school, family, church, etc.) that relates to the course topics is acceptable. You should select a recent experience (not something that happened back in high school). The more recent the experience, the more likely it is that you could take actions that could improve your current interactions with a supervisor, group member, roommate, or other person with whom you have an ongoing relationship. You also may select an experience which is not ongoing if this is more salient to you. Two additional issues should be considered in choosing your topic. The first is confidentiality. Students sometime wish to write on a topic that is of a personal nature. They may be willing for the instructor to read their paper but not want this to be read by other students in the class. This is a reasonable request and confidentiality will be honored. Students who want their paper to be confidential should inform the instructor ahead of time and should write â€Å"confidential† at the top of the paper. There is one exception to the confidentiality rule. If a student describes conduct related to the University where significant University rules or State/Federal laws have been violated by other students or University staff, the instructor reserves the right to bring this issue to the attention of the appropriate administrator to ensure that the situation is remedied. Elements of the PAA 1. Concrete Experience In this part of the paper, students briefly describe what happens in the experience. A simple description of the events which occurred is not sufficient. The feelings experienced by the student as well as his or her thoughts and perceptions during the experience are relevant to this discussion. Another way of looking at the concrete experience would be to recognize that it possesses an objective and a subjective component. The objective part presents the facts of the experience, like a newspaper account, without an attempt to analyze the content. The subjective part is the here-and-now personal experience of the event. This experience is composed of feelings, perceptions and thoughts. Helpful hints: (1) It often helps students to replay the experience in their mind. After reviewing the experience, students should write a report of what they saw, heard, felt, thought, and heard and saw others doing. (2) Students should avoid presenting the detailed mechanics of the experience unless these are critical to the remainder of the paper. This section of the paper should be no longer than 1.5 pages long. (3) Students should avoid reporting the feelings and thoughts experienced after the experience being described. This retrospection is more appropriate in the reflective observation section. Example: We all sat at the table together. Not a sound came from any of us. Finally, after what felt like an hour to me, I simply had to say something. Why are all of you taking this course? I asked. One person, a small foreign looking man said, I needed this course to complete my MBA. Others laughed. Another person, a nicely dressed woman, said, Id like to get an easy A.' I thought to myself: What a bummer! I didnt want to be in a group with people who didnt take the subject matter seriously. When the meeting ended, my perceptions of the group had somehow changed. Maybe this was a good group to be in after all. Some of the members had similar interests to mine, and most of them were nice people that I could see getting along with. I felt somehow hopeful that this semester wouldnt be so bad after all. 2. Reflective Observation The student should ask him/herself: What did I observe in the experience and what possible meanings could these observations have? The key task here is to gather as many observations as possible by observing the experience from different points of view. The main skill to work on is perspective taking or what some people call re-framing. Try to look at this experience and describe it from different perspectives. For example, how did other participants view the situation and what did it mean to them? What would a neutral (objective) observer have seen and heard? If some time has passed since the experience, do you now see the situation differently? Look beneath the surface and try to explain why the people involved behaved the way they did. Reflect on these observations to discover the personal meaning that the situation had for you. Helpful hints: (1) If possible, discuss the experience with others who were involved to gain their views and clarify your perceptions. (2) Unhook yourself from the experience and meditate about it in a relaxed atmosphere. Mull over your observations until their personal meaning comes clear to you. Try to figure out why people, and you in particular, behaved as they did. What can you learn about yourself, looking back on the experience? If you write about a conflict or interaction, be sure to analyze both sides and put yourself in the shoes of the other people involved. Examples: In thinking back on the meeting, I began to see how the group might have taken my comments. My comments were, after all, somewhat aggressive. Some might even call them belligerent. Had I said these things before this class, or at work, I must confess that I would have surprised even myself. But it seemed there was more going on here than met my eye at the time. Sarah and Bob at first didnt seem to be the kind of people to combine forces on this job, so why was I arguing against them this time? Then it dawned on me: Their departments were about to be combined into the same division! Why hadnt I remembered that during the meeting? Many thoughts raced through my head. Was the cause of last nights high that we won the game? Was it the first time we had worked together as a group? Maybe the fact that member X wasnt there that night helped! But I still had a nagging hunch that my involvement, downplayed as it was from previous meetings, helped. 3. Abstract Conceptualization By relating assigned readings and lectures to what you experienced, you are demonstrating your ability to understand conceptually abstract material through your experiences. This process will help you refine your model of people and organizations. While some assigned readings and lectures will have varying degrees of relevance to your experience, it is important that you make several references and not limit your conceptualizing to just one source. Use at least two major concepts or theories from the course readings and cite them correctly e.g,, (Osland, Kolb Rubin, 2001, p. 31). By reviewing the assigned reading material, you should be able to identify several specific concepts or theories that relate to your experience. First, briefly define the concept or theory as you would for someone who was not familiar with it. What issue or problem does the theory examine? What variables are used to analyze the problem and how does the theory explain the link between causal variables and outcomes. What suggestions does the theory give as to effective management practices? Second, in a separate paragraph, apply the concept thoroughly to your experience. The tie-in should include the specific details of how the theory relates to and provides insight into your experience. Try to develop diagnostic questions based on the theory that help you to analyze your situation. Does the theory explain what causes certain behaviors or outcomes and were these causes present in your situation? Does the theory distinguish between effective and ineffective practices that help you to understand your situation? Does the experience support or refute parts of the theory? You are encouraged to suggest modifications to a theory to make it fit your particular situation better. Helpful hints: (1) It is sometimes useful to identify theoretical concepts that interest you first and then search out and elaborate on a personal experience that relates to these concepts. (2) An alternative approach is to select an experience you wish to understand better and then select concepts that apply to your experience. The example below shows how one concept was defined and applied in a student PAA. Abstract Conceptualization Example There are several organizational behavior concepts that help me understand this experience. One is the Thomas-Kilman theory of conflict (Osland, p. 284-285) which is based upon two axes, either the concern for ones own interests or the concern for the interests of the other party. The five styles reflect a low or high position on these two axes and are labeled competition, compromise, avoidance, accommodation, and collaboration. In the incident I described, my coach began with a collaborative style, high concern for both his own interests and the interests of the other party. He tried to work out a solution that would satisfy both of us but I neither saw nor heard his point of view. I just wanted to get my own way and practice in the same way I had on my previous team. I see now that the conflict style I used was the competitive style, high concern for my own interests and low concern for the interests of the other party. Looking back, this is the style I have used most often throughout my life; I usually got away with it before because I was such a good athlete. However, my experience with the coach supports the textbooks description (p. 285) of the losses that may result from using this style. I lost everything when I was kicked off the team and I certainly alienated the coach and the other players and discouraged them from wanting to work with me. 4. Active Experimentation This section of the paper should begin by summarizing what you learned about yourself as a result of writing the paper. What new personal insights and practical lessons did you learn about how to more effectively deal with these types of experiences. Make sure to focus on what you learned about yourself, rather than what you learned about someone else, general situations such as group behavior, or processes such as negotiation. This should be presented in a separate paragraph and not buried within your discussion of an action step. Next you should present four action steps that you will take to make you more effective in the future in these situations. (Future actions must be based on the experience reported in the Concrete Experience.) These actions can be stated in the form of guidelines as to how you would act differently or resolutions as to steps you could take to develop or practice particular skills. You should elaborate in detail how you see your action ideas being carried out. A given step might include several related activities to complete it. Sometimes students have a tendency to list an action step and then shift to explaining why they would take the action without sufficiently explaining the actual behavior they would modify. For example, the statement â€Å"I would strive to communicate better because people feel I don’t listen very well† does not tell a reader very much about what you would do to communicate better. Saying that â€Å"I will strive to communicate better by using active listening techniques where I will paraphrase the other’s viewpoint before presenting my own opinion† is a better indication of how you will carry out this action step. There should be a clear link between your action steps and the concepts presented in the abstract conceptualization section. If the theories you selected provide recommendations for improving management practices, you are encouraged to incorporate these ideas in formulating your action steps. Dont just repeat tips from the text. Try to include at least one action resolution that is based upon new knowledge that you have gained about yourself. If you were to re-live your experience, what would you do differently? What would you do to improve the situation? In past student PAA’s it is often difficult to sort out where one action step ends and another begins. Please provide a separate paragraph for each action step and number or otherwise demarcate the separate action steps. For example, â€Å"First, I would .. My second action step would be † This will help the reader differentiate between action steps and will ensure that you provide four distinct action steps as part of your plan. Explain why you would take these action steps. Why would the selected behaviors be likely to improve the situation? Helpful hints: (1) Project a future experience in which you envision the implementation of your ideas and then elaborate on that experience as a way of demonstrating how your actions will be carried out. (2) Where does this situation exist in your life (home, work, school)? Do you need a support system to make it happen? How will you obtain the cooperation of others to jointly improve the situation? (3) Try to imagine the final results of your experimentation. What will it be like if you accomplish what you want to do? Example of Action Steps: How then can I best utilize and improve my achievement motivation? First, I must arrange for some accomplishment feedback. This will be done by designing or perceiving tasks so that I succeed bit-by-bit, gaining a reward each time and thus strengthening my desire to achieve more. Second, I should look to models of achievement. If people around me succeed, it will further stimulate me. I will ask them how they go about setting realistic goals for themselves and observe how they get feedback from others regarding their performance. Third, I should modify my self-image to include my desire for personal challenges and responsibilities and my requirement of continual feedback. (As a first step, I imagine myself as a person who requires or must have success, responsibility, challenge and variety.) I will seek out situations that are more likely to provide these challenges in the future. Fourth, I must learn to control my reveries. Just beyond the borderline of awareness, many of us are constantly talking to ourselves. While it is fun to fantasize, I will try to make sure my aspirations are realistic given my current skills and time available to accomplish my various goals. I will spend time prioritizing my goals to ensure that I don’t try to do too much or too little. Finally, although I would never admit so, I agree that salary is a potential dissatisfier for me. Therefore, I must insist on what I perceive as a fair return for my performance. I will discuss my salary expectations with my supervisor to ensure I know what is expected and also to ensure that my boss knows my expectations. Wish me luck! Here is another example of a good action step, written by a student who wanted to stop being a passive follower and become more of a leader. I am going to take a more active role in team meetings. I will volunteer to be the team facilitator in at least one meeting during this semester. In all other meetings, I am going to make at least two process interventions to help the team function more effectively. To prepare myself, I am going to carefully observe other students who are excellent leaders, and I will read two articles on team leadership. I will also design an evaluation form on my team participation and ask my team to use it to evaluate me after the meeting I facilitate. Based on their feedback, I will continue working on possible weak areas during the rest of this course. 5. Integration and Writing The well written PAA has a focal issue and a story line with themes that are carried throughout each of the four sections. The idea of synergy applies here: The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. If integration is present, then the reader can attend to the content without distraction; if integration is absent, barriers prevent the reader from gaining a full appreciation of the content. Are the major themes that you have identified integrated throughout your paper? Make sure that the reflective observation takes into account the viewpoint of all the key people cited in the concrete experience. Do the concepts cited in abstract conceptualization fit well with these observations? Is there a clear link between the concepts or theories that you cite and the subsequent action steps that you formulate? Citing the theories is not just meant to be an academic exercise it should help guide the analysis of the situation and the planning of practical steps for improving future situations. Other barriers that prevent the reader from fully appreciating the papers content are spelling and grammatical errors, as well as the overall appearance of the final document. Since good writing skills are so important in the business world, there should be no errors in your paper. Use the spell check (and grammar check) on your computer before you hand it in. Sometimes reading a paper aloud will indicate where sections of a paper may need revision to simplify awkward or unclear sentences.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be one of 4 main kinds of dissociative disorders (DSM-IV): "The essential feature of dissociative disorders is a disturbance or alteration in the normally integrative functions of identity, memory, or consciousness" (8). If identity is the main function affected, the person is said to have DID. Most non-DID people have one identity comprised of many parts that work harmoniously together. They have only one I-function which consists of a conglomeration of thoughts and feelings formed from connections between many different brain areas. People with MPD, however, have a decentralized, internal network of 2 or more I- functions or "alters," each with its own physiology, behavior, and cognitions. Dissociation often enables victims to maintain a relatively healthy level of functioning because traumatic memories are disconnected from other information in their minds. A multiple presents her view of DID: "We do not SUFFER FROM MPD. We SURVIVE because of MPD" (6). Living with this disorder is often an extremely lonely, confusing experience. Luckily, there has been much success in treating this disorder thanks to the extensive research conducted into DID etiology. The etiology may be explained by the diathesis-stress model. There appears to be a biological component given the fact that most people with DID have a family history of the disorder. It has also been found that people who are easily hypnotized are more susceptible to DID (5). The stress is known to come from severe physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse at a developmentally sensitive stage in childhood (3). When a per... ...ted. Another possibility is that everyone possesses different centers of connections and somehow after repeated dissociation episodes, some people's links become severed. Findings from DID research may be helpful for DID and non-DID sufferers alike. Research into this area has shed a lot of light into what kinds of cognitions lead to healthy functioning, among the most important of which are the need for a sense of control and self-love and respect. The research also highlights the interconnectedness of the mind and body: the fact that the psychological has a very real affect on the physiological and vice versa. Internet Sources: http://www.sidran.org/casa.html http://www.sidran.org/didbr.html http://rossinst.com/case2.htm http://www.rossinst.com/2yr_study.htm http://www.trauma-pages.com/vanderk4.htm http://www.trauma-pages.com/vanderk2.htm

The Critical Thinker and Culture

The Critical Thinker and Culture R. Steve Terry American Sentinel University BSN 43611-A May 30, 2011 Margaret Lowenthal Abstract Using the textbook: Rubenfeld, M. G. & Scheffer, B. K. (2010). Critical Thinking Tactics for Nurses: Achieving the IOM Competencies, 2nd Ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-6584 Using the checklist in Box 3-2, reflect on your culture and how it might affect your critical thinking habits of the mind. Then think of someone you work with who comes from a culture different from yours. Think of a patient from a different culture. How do you think those persons would answer the questions? Introduction: Taken directly from my first paper, â€Å" â€Å". Thinking as a Critical Thinker Critical thinking is something we do every day in our nursing jobs, and yet we don't put names to the parts and pieces of just what it is we are doing while making those decisions. Reading the first two chapters of our text book has opened my eyes, not only to what I do on a daily basis, but has given me insight on how to breakdown the process of critical thinking into manageable parts, with definitions for each phase. This breakdown of the process will not only help me in my day-to-day duties but will also help me communicate the process more easily to my peers. Now what would happen to the critical thinker when you add his or her cultural aspects to the way they put together and analyze their information gathered as that critical thinker? Do you think the influences of one’s upbringing may enhance or impair critical thinking in the nursing field? Let’s start out by investigating my culture of youth where I was born into the Appalachian area of West Virginian. Appalachian Culture Appalachian is a land of high mountains and green forests, abundant springs and rivers, varied plants, animal and bird life. Its Cumberland range is big coal mining country. Its farms are traditionally small operations. The area to which you will be traveling is one of rich history and tradition (Commission on Religion of Appalachia, 1992). Being brought up in West Virginia, I have many memories of a style of living that my grandparents and their parents taught me about. One of the funniest traditions we have is a distrust of doctors. Where I’m from in South Central, West Virginia, people only go to the hospital to die. It’s my belief that this came about because most people from the hills only made it to the hospital at the last stages of disease so it was felt it was the last place to go before one dies. And this is not just in West Virginia it’s in all the Appalachian area. The geographic boundaries of Appalachia include portions of 13 states, reaching from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It contains 398 counties in the following states: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. West Virginia is the only state that the region completely covers. The region is rural and urban, rich and poor (Frank S. Riddel, ed, 1984). Process of Learning Trust If you had asked me what critical thinking was before today, I would have probably explained in terms that resembled the nursing process, because that is what I have been educated about for eighteen years; but, don’t think it’s been easy for me. On the contrary, because of my cultural upbringing and the distrust in medicine that has long plagued not only Appalachia but my family as well, it was very difficult in the beginning of my nursing career to learn the subtle truths about creating a â€Å"trust† atmosphere between myself and members of my cultural community. According to Rubenfield and Sheffer, â€Å"critical thinking is the metaphorical bridge between information and action† (Rubenfield & Scheffer, 2010). That’s exactly what it has been for me, a bridge to bring trust to members of my community. One of the biggest areas of difference in Appalachia and most other cultural areas is the distrust of anything that is outside of the community (Frank S. Riddel, ed, 1984). I believe as a critical thinker that knowing this has helped me understand how to communicate trust to this community and by knowing first the culture of my community it has helped me discern area’s that I can control and areas that I cannot. I know to use the habits of confidence and perseverance to reckon with my community to build trust, because these are areas that my culture see’s as important, although they live in present tense at most times, I feel that I can help them understand, â€Å"the tomorrow†, if not getting treatment today type of concept. Conclusion Culture is just one of many aspects one must consider before jumping to any conclusions about communication. This is also true about critical thinking. This is why flexibility, open-mindedness and perseverance are such import parts of the Critical Thinking habits of the mind. Without them we may decide to just give up because we don’t understand why someone may not understand our end goals and why we want to help them. References Commission on Religion in Appalachia, â€Å"Economic transformation: The Appalachian Challenge†(Knoxville, TN C. O. R. A. , 1992). Frank S. Riddel, ed. , â€Å"Appalachia: Its People, Heritage and Problems† (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1984), xi. Rubenfeld, M. G. & Scheffer, B. K. (2010). Critical Thinking Tactics for Nurses: Achieving the IOM Competencies, 2nd Ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.